Quaid-i-Azam’s Perception of Pakistan’s Relations with India
Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed
Ali Jinnah was a peace loving person and wanted Pakistan to be a peace loving
state with neutral and independent foreign policy. He wanted Pakistan to enter
the arena of world politics with the pious hope of ‘peace within and peace without’[i]. Even in his
broadcast speech from All-India Radio on June 3, 1947, he appealed to all the
communities of India particularly Muslims ‘to maintain peace and order’[ii]. He had every
respect for the United Nations and wanted the organization to work for the
betterment of the mankind. He assured complete ‘material and moral
support’ of Pakistan for ‘the oppressed and suppressed people of the world’. He
made it clear that Pakistan, being a believer of ‘the principles of honesty and
fairplay in national and international dealings’, would not support any
‘aggressive designs against any country or nation’[iii].
Quaid-i-Azam also
intended to keep ‘friendly and cordial relations’ with the neighboring
countries[iv]. He stated that
Pakistan had ‘no aggressive design’ against its neighbors. About Indo-Pakistan
relations he was of the view that the two nations should forget their past
tensions and start a new era of peace and friendship. He wanted the two
countries to be ‘of use to each other’[v]. He thought that the two countries
will be needing a number of things from each other and can help each other
‘morally, materially and politically’ and thus could ‘raise the prestige and
status of both Dominions’[vi]. While
congratulating Mr. C. Rajagopalachari on his appointment as Governor General of
India Quaid expressed a desire and expectations for ‘real friendship between the
two Dominions’[vii].
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad
Ali Jinnah believed that once Pakistan achieves its goal of peace within and
peace without, the two nations would be able to live in peace and harmony[viii]. However, he wanted
India to ‘shed the superiority complex’ and treat Pakistan on ‘equal footing’
and also to ‘fully appreciate the realities’[ix]. At the time of his departure from
Delhi for Karachi on August 7, 1947, Quaid-i-Azam in a statement expressed his
thanks to the people and leaders of India who expressed good wishes for the
newly established dominion of Pakistan. At the same occasion he requested the
people of Delhi to bury the past and to ‘start afresh as two independent
sovereign States of Hindustan and Pakistan’. He also wished Hindustan ‘prosperity
and peace’[x]. In his reply to
Lord Mountbatten’s speech during the transfer of power ceremonies he sent a
message of cheer and goodwill for India and also affirmed his faith in good
neighbourly relations with her[xi].
Quaid was interested
in building a better future for the people of India and Pakistan. He
wanted the people of the two countries to develop cordial relations based on
the concept of mutual respect and co-existence[xii]. He considered it beneficial for both
Pakistan and India if the two countries would cooperate with each other ‘for
the purpose of playing their part in international affairs’. He went to the
extent that Pakistan and India should enter in defense collaboration ‘both on
land and sea against any aggression’. But he made it clear that it will only be
possible if the two countries can ‘resolve their own differences’[xiii]. Quaid-i-Azam had,
infact, pleaded for a common defence policy between India and Pakistan as early
as in April 1947[xiv].
Quaid-i-Azam assured
that the government of Pakistan will take care of the ‘life and properties of
the minorities’ living in Pakistan and ‘shall give them a fair deal’[xv]. He advised the
Muslims of India ‘to give unflinching loyalty to the state’ where they live.
But in response to all these efforts on the part of the Muslims he hoped that
the Indian Government would not act on the advise of ‘those who are bent upon
the eviction or extermination of Muslims of India by brutal and inhuman
methods’[xvi].
Quaid clearly
visualized that the subcontinent being an organic unit its geo-political
situation called for a common defence strategy and also that if the two could
effectively cooperate economically both would benefit. Pakistan as the meeting
point of India and the Muslim Middle East could play an important role between
the two regions[xvii]. The Quaid was also
aware of the fact that the alliance between India and Soviet Union would have a
direct impact on Pakistani economy[xviii].
As late as the last
week of April 1948, Quaid-i-Azam talked about good trade relations between
India and Pakistan. However he thought that it was only possible if the two
countries enter into ‘normal International relations’. Subject to this
condition he could envisage that India and Pakistan should reciprocate in
providing ‘bonding facilities’ to each other at their respective ports Calcutta
and Karachi[xix].
Knowing the long
history of difference between the two nations in the Indo-Pakistan
Sub-continent, there was a question in every mind as to whether the two
countries will be able to enjoy good relations. They remembered with recency
effect that only few months back Congress had sabotaged the Cabinet Mission
Plan when, after their premature jubilation, they came to realize that it will
allow autonomy to the Muslim majority provinces[xx]. Dispite the fact that Quaid-i-Azam
had seen the Hindus very closely during the last fifty years, he was still
hoping against hope that the partition providing independence and autonomy to
both will change the attitudes which had prevailed for about a century since
the establishment of the British Raj. He was almost certain that minorities in
both the countries will enjoy every right in thier respective countries and
will be ‘made to feel that their life, property and honor are absolutely safe
and secure’[xxi]. Quaid, in the face
of his sincerity and optimism, failed to realize that the acceptance of
partition by the Hindus was not a change of heart on their part but only a
change of tactics.
Like most small
countries, the foreign policy of Pakistan begins and ends at her borders,
particularly at the Indian border. It has been dominated by the fear of Indian
aggression. For Pakistan the problems began at the outset of its existence.
Quaid, with his rational mind, thought that the demands of both the Congress
and the League had been met partially, though not fully, and the two states had
emerged through an agreement, secured however reluctantly, so he reasoned that
it was time for burying the hatchet and setting up the good neighbourly
relations[xxii]. However, Indian
attitude remained unchanged.
According to the
Indian writers most of their leaders believed that India and Pakistan would be
able to come closer and establish harmonious relations with each other. They
hold that the biggest hurdle in the good relationship between the two countries
was the ‘self imposed’ fear of Indian aggression in the minds of
Pakistani leadership[xxiii]. But a good look
into the history of the period makes it clear that this fear was not ‘imaginary’.
Hindu leaders of the Indian National Congress were on a different wave length.
A large number of them considered the creation of a Muslim State in South Asia
as a hurdle in achieving their dream of ‘Akhand Bharat’. On April 5, 1946,
Nehru declared that ‘nothing on earth’ can bring ‘about Pakistan which Jinnah
wants’[xxiv]. Gandhi
approximately a year later on March 1947 claimed that the Congress would only
accept Pakistan ‘over my dead body’[xxv].
The intentions of the
Congress leadership became quite clear when they accepted the June 3, plan with
serious mental reservations. Hindus started propagating that Pakistan will not
sustain for long and will breakdown sooner or later and at last will become a
part of ‘Mother India’. Gandhi, commenting on the plan declared Hindus and
Muslims ‘interdependent on one another’ and predicted that Muslim League
leadership ‘will ask to come back to Hindustan’ and Nehru ‘will take them back’[xxvi]. In his broadcast of
June 3, 1947, Nehru expressed his hope that probably in this way Hindus ‘shall
reach that united India sooner than otherwise’.[xxvii] Nehru and Patel accepted the
partition with the assumption that by conceding Pakistan to Jinnah they will
get rid of him and thus, in the words of Nehru, ‘by cutting off the head we
shall get rid of headache’[xxviii]. The same viewpoint was promoted in
most of the memoirs, dairies and books published by the Congress minded people
in the last phase of the British Raj.
Hindu leaders kept
expressing the same views even after the creation of Pakistan. Of and on, it
was suggested that sooner or later sanity would return to the lesser of the two
parallel streams and that they would converge to a point to make the roaring
river of one united India[xxix]. However, Nehru and
Krishna Menon had stated that Congress had accepted the partition only to get
rid of the British[xxx]. On the event of the
first independence day of India, Sardar Patel was sure that Pakistan would
crash in a short period of time[xxxi]. J.B. Kripalani, the Congress
President, remarked that the freedom they had achieved was not ‘complete
without the Unity of India’[xxxii]. A well known Indian newspaper Amrita
Bazar Patrika reported that Gandhi had decided to retire from the active
politics on August 15, 1947 and would do something for the Muslims of Pakistan
so that he could ‘bring them into the Union of India and to restore Indian
Unity’[xxxiii].
The Pakistani
leadership did not take these threats seriously. They believed that by such
idle talks, the Congress leaders tried to hide their defeat at the hands of
Quaid-i-Azam and the Muslim league. But it is a fact that had Congress leaders
not been confident of the eventual collapse of Pakistan, they would have never
ever agreed to its creation[xxxiv]. The Congress leaders believed that
Pakistan was bound to collapse and thus tried to hasten the procedure.
Quaid-i-Azam did show
his disappointment over the propaganda against the creation of Pakistan[xxxv]. He said that the
threats against the sovereignty of Pakistan, from the Congress leadership, will
not ‘restore goodwill and friendly relations between the two states’. He
also made it clear that Pakistan will ‘never surrender’ and will never accept
any ‘constitutional reunion’ between the two dominions with ‘one common
center’. He was also sure that Pakistan was established to stay and ‘will stay’[xxxvi].
It was not only
limited to the expressed wishes of the Indian leaders but they infact did everything
they could to damage the independence of Pakistan. The Indians had a needling
sense of frustration at having lost what they considered a natural part of
mother India[xxxvii]. In a letter to the
British Prime Minister, dated September 28, 1947, Field Martial Auchinleck felt
no hesitation in expressing his opinion that the Indian Cabinet was ‘determined
to do all in their power’ to prohibit the ‘establishment of the Dominion of
Pakistan on a firm basis’. He also made it clear that Indian leaders, Cabinet
Ministers, Civil officials and others were also trying to ‘obstruct the work of
partition of the Armed Forces’. He further expressed that the Indian Government
was trying its best to ‘prevent Pakistan receiving her just share, or indeed
anything of arsenals and depots in India’[xxxviii].
India took a series
of measures to practically destroy the independence of the dominion of
Pakistan. First step they took in this regard was their influence on the
Radcliffe Award which was to demarcate the boundaries between the two
countries. The Chairman of the Boundary Commission was openly accused of going
beyond his terms of reference and the Award was universally condemned as
territorial murder[xxxix].
Quaid-i-Azam declared
the Radcliffe Award as ‘unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse’. He
considered the Boundary Award as the ‘latest blow’ to the problems of Pakistan.
He termed them as ‘political award’ and not judicial. Still he said that as ‘we
have agreed to abide by it’ as ‘honorable people we must abide by it’[xl]. Though Pakistan and
particularly Punjab suffered a lot from these awards. Yet, it was due to the
hold of the Quaid over his people that they accepted the awards without
reservation and did not agitate against it[xli].
It was expected that
the partition of the Sub-continent will solve the major problems of the two
communities living in the region and that both the counties will accommodate
their respective minorities as an integral part of their nation. But the
Hindus, who were not prepared to see an independent Muslim state in South Asia,
started large scale anti-Muslim riots with the help of the government. The
Hindus started killing Muslims and setting thier houses and property on fire.
The massacre of Muslims took place throughout India but the condition of East
Punjab, the city of Delhi and Ajmair was the worst[xlii]. The modern history
had never witnessed such a large scale communal murder. It was nothing less
than a war against the Muslim minority of East Punjab and in a number of
adjoining princely states[xliii].
Due to the communal
riots in India at the time of partition, a large scale migration took place in
which millions of Muslims were forced to leave their homes in India. During
these riots thousands of Muslims lost their lives while millions were forced to
migrate to Pakistan. Within a period of six or seven weeks between August 1,
and September 20, 1947, nearly half a million Muslims were killed[xliv]. Lord Ismay, the Viceroy’s
chief of staff, told the Quaid that ‘Delhi itself was on the verge of chaos,
Muslims were systematically hunted down and butchered’. Quaid-i-Azam was
shocked when he asked, ‘How could any civilized government permit such a state
of affairs?’[xlv].
Quaid in his message
to the nation on the occasion of Eid said that the joy of the day was
‘overshadowed by the suffering and sorrow of 5 million Muslims in East Punjab
and its neighborhood’[xlvi]. He condemned the
Hindu attitude of compelling the Muslims of India to ‘declare their folly’ for
supporting Pakistan and believing in the ‘fantastic two nation theory[xlvii]. He believed that a
certain section in India was determined to ‘drive Muslims from the entire
Dominion by making life impossible for them’[xlviii]. He appealed to all the Muslims of the
world for ‘brotherly sympathy, support and cooperation’ for the Muslims of
India[xlix]. Quaid-i-Azam also
approached the Commonwealth countries for help in ending the murderous raids on
the trains and columns of refugees[l].
Quaid-i-Azam was very
much concerned about the Muslims in India. He was personally following the
latest developments and was well aware of the fact that many of them were
living ‘as worse than prisoners’. He tried to do his best to have a ‘constant
communication’ with the Indian Government ‘on the subject’. He hoped and wished
that the authorities in India will do ‘every thing possible’ for the ‘safety
and the welfare of the Muslims’ and Indian government will deal with the people
responsible for all those happenings ‘with the iron hand’[li]. The Quaid called
upon the Indian Government not to penalize the Muslims of India ‘for their help
and sympathy for the establishment of Pakistan[lii]. He said if the ‘ultimate solution of
the minority problem’ was ‘mass exchange of population’ then it should be done
according to the ‘Government plan’ and should not be left to ‘be sorted out by
bloodthirsty elements’[liii].
Instead of what was
happening in East Punjab Quaid-i-Azam urged the Muslims of West Punjab to secure
the protection of minorities as a sacred undertaking in accordance with the
teachings of Islam[liv]. He considered it a
matter of prestige and honor to ‘safeguard the lives’ of the minority
communities and to create a ‘sense of security among them’[lv]. He said that
Pakistan was to ‘maintain peace, law and order’ and would safeguard every
citizen of Pakistan regardless of ‘caste, creed or community’[lvi]. In his broadcast
speech from Radio Pakistan, Dacca on March 28, 1948 he congratulated the people
of the province for their good treatment with the Hindu minorities[lvii].
In conspiracy with
and under the active guidance of Mountbatten, the Indian government launched
upon a military grab of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which should have
constituted an integral part of Pakistan[lviii]. Indian occupation of Kashmir was not
only an emotional setback but was also a threat to Pakistan’s defence,
communication and economy[lix]. Pakistanis
considered Kashmir as the life line of Pakistan. According to G.W. Choudhury,
‘To a Pakistani, Kashmir is not a remote and unknown country; it is near and
dear and vital: near in geography; dear in religion; vital in strategy’[lx].
The Quaid did not say
much on the Kashmir issue which could be interpreted as his lack of interest or
concern in the affairs of Kashmir. However, the legal minded person in the
Quaid himself clarified this aspect by stating that he could not ‘say anything
on the Kashmir issue’ because the issue was already with the United Nations and
anything he said about the ‘circumstances might aggravate the situation’[lxi]. Quaid-i-Azam was
very much concerned about Kashmir even before the Partition of the
Sub-Continent. He himself visited Kashmir in 1944 and motivated the people of
Kashmir[lxii].
When Maharaja through
a deal announced the accession of the State to India on the 27th of October
1947, Quaid-i-Azam on the very next day ordered the acting Commander in Chief
of the Pakistan Army, Lt. Gen. Sir D. Gracy to invade Kashmir[lxiii]. Commander in Chief referred
the matter to Field Marshal Auchinleck. Auchinleck asked Quaid-i-Azam to
take his orders back otherwise all the British officers from both the armies
would resign[lxiv], which Pakistan
could not afford at that time.
Moreover,
Quaid-i-Azam planned a conference between Governor Generals and Prime Ministers
of the two Dominions, which could not take place due to the illness of Nehru
and reluctance of Patel to talk with Pakistani Leaders[lxv]. However a meeting
was held between the two Governor Generals: Quaid-i-Azam and Mountbatten, at
Lahore on November 1, 1947. In this meeting the former called for a cease-fire
in Kashmir within forty eight hours as well as the withdrawal of the tribesmen
and Indian troops from the state. He also proposed that the two Governor
Generals should be vested with full powers by the government of Pakistan and
India to restore peace, undertake the administration of the state and arrange a
plebiscite under their joint control and supervision[lxvi]. Mountbatten gave no
reply at that time however he turned down all the proposals after consulting
Indian cabinet[lxvii].
On the contrary
Indian Defence minister announced in the Indian parliament that Indian army
would launch a major offensive in Kashmir. Pakistan Commander in Chief, Sir
Gracy made it clear that Indian army will not be allowed to advance beyond the
general line Uri-Poonch-Naoshera[lxviii]. It was in early May 1948 that
Pakistan government, with the recommendations of Quaid-i-Azam and the Commander
in Chief, sent a limited number of troops to Kashmir to hold certain defensive
positions and prevent the Indian army from advancing to the borders of Pakistan[lxix].
Pakistan’s
representative in the Security Council made it clear that the Pakistan
government has not accepted and cannot accept the accession of the state of
Jammu and Kashmir to India. In their view the accession was based on violence
and fraud[lxx]. Quaid-i-Azam was
himself monitoring the activities in the Security Council and was interested in
getting the information about the latest developments on regular basis[lxxi].
There were few other
irritants which created bad blood between the two countries. These related to
distribution of financial assets, working of the Reserve Bank of India,
distribution of military stores and adjustment of trade relations[lxxii]. The economy
of Pakistan which was already in flex was further damaged by the Indian refusal
to pay her due share. Pakistan which was to get Rs. 75 crore, was given only Rs
20 crore and the Indian Government said that the rest of the Rs. 55 crore will
be given after the satisfactory solution of the Kashmir affair[lxxiii]. Indian Government
made the undeclared war between India and Pakistan as an excuse for withholding
the supplies of arms to Pakistan[lxxiv].
As an upper riparian
power, it was India’s international obligation to ensure that Pakistan received
its legitimate share of the waters. But India, threatened unilateral stoppage
of supplies to Pakistan and maintained that it has exclusive rights over the water
of the rivers. It was a claim that could not be sustained either on the basis
of prior appropriation or equitable distribution[lxxv]. As the majority of the trade of the
areas included in Pakistan was dependent on the areas included in India, a
Standstill Agreement was signed between the two countries providing no
restriction on the free flow of goods between the two dominions and no trade or
custom barrier would be set up[lxxvi].
By doing all these
activities, the Indian leaders predicted that Pakistan would be left bankrupt
and what they failed to achieve through fire and sword, would be brought about
by the ruining the finances of the State. They were sure that Pakistan will not
be able to counter the economic invasion because the liquid financial resources
of the country had touched its lowest level[lxxvii]. Quaid-i-Azam felt that imposition of
customs on the borders would ‘involve the Hindu business community’ of Pakistan
‘in serious economic difficulties’ and thus many Hindu businessmen would remove
‘their business to the Indian Dominion’. The Quaid promised, on behalf of the
Government of Pakistan, all possible steps ‘ for the protection of their well
being’ and asked them not to leave their ‘ancestral homes in East Bengal for an
unknown fate in the Indian Union’[lxxviii].
Talking about the
difficulties like ‘withholding by India of our cash balances, of our share of
military equipment and lately, the institution of an almost complete economic
blockade’ the Quaid was sure that ‘all right-thinking men’ in India ‘deplore
these happenings’ and predicted that the ‘mind that has been responsible for
them’ will be changed[lxxix]. He said that the
external elements were also ‘encouraging provincialism in the hope of weakening
Pakistan’ and trying to re-absorption of East Pakistan ‘into the Indian
dominion’. He made it clear that those who were involved in those activities
were ‘living in a fool’s paradise’[lxxx].
Quaid-i-Azam believed
in honesty, justice and fairplay in every sphere of life. He practiced these
principles and expected the others to follow. No wonder that inspite of India’s
repeated attempts to harm Pakistan the Quaid remained optimistic. In his letter
to M.A.H. Isphahani on June 1948, Quaid-i-Azam hoped that Pakistan will be able
to solve all its problems because her cause was righteous and she was
facing them ‘with honesty’ and was fighting for ‘justice and fairplay’[lxxxi].
The long series of
grave and disturbing developments preceding and immediately following the
emergence of Pakistan, were certain to cast their ominous shadow on the future
relations between the two countries[lxxxii]. Had India formally accepted Pakistan
as a living reality from the core of its heart the tensions between the Muslims
and the Hindus of South Asia would have been buried in 1947. It is what was
desired by the Quaid, who was keenly interested in strengthening human
relations between the people of both countries[lxxxiii]. Had the Quaid’s dream of
co-cooperative Pak-India relations been materialized, the region would never
have been a scene of conflicts.
[i] Speech at the inauguration of the
Pakistan Broadcasting service, Karachi: August 15, 1947 in Rafique Afzal,
ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah (Lahore:
Research Society of Pakistan, 1976) p.429.
[ii] Broadcast Speech from All India
Radio, New Delhi: June 3, 1947 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan (Islamabad: Services
Book Club, 1989) p.13.
[iii] Broadcast talk to the People of
the United States of America: February 1948 in Ibid., p.158.
[iv] Speech at the inauguration of the
Pakistan Broadcasting service, Karachi: August 15, 1947 in Rafique Afzal,
ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.429.
[v] Press Conference at New Delhi:
July 14, 1947 in Ibid., p.423.
[vi] Interview to Duncan Hooper,
Correspondent of Reuter: October 25, 1947, in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed
Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.82.
[vii] Message to Mr. C. Rajagopalachari
on his appointment as the Governor General of the Indian Dominion: May 5, 1948
in Afzal, ed., Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.464.
[viii] Z.A. Suleri, My Leader (Lahore:
Publishers Progressive Papers Ltd., 1982) p.290.
[ix] Interview to De Eric Streiff,
Correspondent of Neue Zurcher Zeitung: March 11, 1948 in Afzal, ed., Speeches and
Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.459.
[x] Statement on the Eve of his
departure for Karachi: August 7, 1947 in Ibid., p.428.
[xi] Sharif al-Mujahid, ‘India –
Pakistan Relations : An Analysis’, in Latif Ahmed Sherwani, et.al, Foreign Policy of
Pakistan An Analysis (Karachi: The Allies Book Corporation, 1954) p.32.
[xii] Riaz Ahmad, Quaid-i-Azam’s
Perception of Islam and Pakistan (Rawalpindi: Alvi Publishers, 1990)
p.115.
[xiii] Interview to De Eric Streiff,
Correspondent of Neue Zurcher Zeitung: March 11, 1948 in Afzal, ed., Speeches and
Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.459.
[xiv] Deccan Times, August 10, 1947,
quoted Sharif al-Mujahid, ‘India – Pakistan Relations : An Analysis’, p. 32.
[xv] Address to Civil, Naval, Military
& Air Force Officers of the Pakistan Government at Khaliqdina Hall,
Karachi: October 11, 1947 in Jamil-ud-din Ahmad, ed., Speeches and Writings
of Mr. Jinnah, Vol. II (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1976) p.420.
[xvi] Ibid.
[xvii] Suleri, My Leader, p.291.
[xviii] Ibid., p.292.
[xix] Speech in reply to the Address
presented by the Karachi Chamber of Commerce: April 27, 1948 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed
Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.252.
[xx] Sharif al-Mujahid, ‘India –
Pakistan Relations : An Analysis’, p.32.
[xxi] Interview to Duncan Hooper,
Correspondent of Reuter: October 25, 1947, in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed
Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.82.
[xxii] Sharif al-Mujahid, ‘India –
Pakistan Relations : An Analysis’, p.31.
[xxiii] Kalim Bahadur, ‘India and
Pakistan’, in Verinder Gover, ed., International Relations and the Foreign
Policy of India, Vol.II (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1992) p.684.
[xxiv] E.W.R. Lumby, The Transfer of
Power in India, p.78 quoted S.M. Burke, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani
Foreign Policy (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1975) p.57.
[xxv] Abul Kalam Azad, India Wins Freedom (Bombay: Orient
Longmans, 1959) p.218.
[xxvi] New York Herald Tribune (New York, June
5, 1947)
[xxvii] H.V. Hodson, The Great Divide (London:
Hutchinson, 1969) p. 315.
[xxviii] Allan Campbell-Jonson, Mission with
Mountbatten, p.98, quoted S.K. Majumdar, Jinnah and Gandhi (Lahore:
People’s Publishing House, 1976) p.259.
[xxix] Sharif al-Mujahid, ‘India – Pakistan
Relations : An Analysis’, p.33.
[xxx] Statesman, October 14, 1947
quoted S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An
Historical Analysis (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1989) p.9.
[xxxi] Azad, India Wins Freedom, p.242.
[xxxii] ‘Troubled India and Her
Neighbors’, Foreign Affairs (New York, January, 1965) p.319.
[xxxiii] New York Times, August 8, 1947,
quoted Burke, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policy, p. 58.
[xxxiv] Sharif al-Mujahid, ‘India –
Pakistan Relations : An Analysis’, p.33.
[xxxv] Interview to Duncan Hooper,
Correspondent of Reuter: October 25, 1947, in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed
Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.82.
[xxxvi] Ibid., p.83
[xxxvii] Burke, Mainsprings of Indian
and Pakistani Foreign Policy, p.56.
[xxxviii] Aziz Beg, Pakistan Faces
India (Lahore: Babur and Amer Publications, n.d.) p.56.
[xxxix] Ibid., p.52.
[xl] Broadcast Speech from Radio
Pakistan, Lahore: October 30, 1947 as in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.97.
[xli] G.W. Choudhury, Pakistan’s Relations
with India 1947-1966 (London: Pall Mall Press, 1968) p.56
[xlii] Hameed A.K. Rai, ‘India’s Policy
Towards Pakistan’, in Hameed A.K. Rai, ed., Readings in
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, Vol. I (Lahore: Aziz Publishers, n.d.) p.314.
[xliii] Choudhury, Pakistan’s Relations
with India 1947-1966, p.41.
[xliv] Ibid., p.42.
[xlv] Lord Ismay, Memories, p.436 quoted Ibid., p.43.
[xlvi] Message to the Nation on the
occasion of Eid-ul-Azha: October 24, 1947 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed
Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.80.
[xlvii] Interview to Duncan Hooper,
Correspondent of Reuter: October 25, 1947, in Ibid., p.83.
[xlviii] Address to Civil, Naval, Military
& Air Force Officers of the Pakistan Government at Khaliqdina Hall,
Karachi: October 11, 1947 in Ibid., p.77.
[xlix] Message to the Nation on the occasion
of Eid-ul-Azha: October 24, 1947 in Ibid., p.80.
[l] Burke and Ziring, Pakistan’s Foreign
Policy: An Historical Analysis, p.48.
[li] Statement Issued September 15,
1947 in Afzal, ed. Speeches and Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam
Mohammed Ali Jinnah, pp.436-37.
[lii] Riaz, Quaid-i-Azam’s
Perception of Islam and Pakistan, p.118.
[liii] Address to Civil, Naval, Military
& Air Force Officers of the Pakistan Government at Khaliqdina Hall,
Karachi: October 11, 1947 in Jamil, ed., Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, Vol. II, p.420.
[liv] Choudhury, Pakistan’s Relations
with India 1947-1966, p.44.
[lv] Speech at a Rally at the
University Stadium, Lahore: October 30, 1947 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed
Ali Jinnah Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, p.95.
[lvi] Speech at a public meeting at
Dacca: March 21, 1948 in Ibid., p.180.
[lvii] Broadcast speech from Radio
Pakistan, Dacca: March 28, 1948 in Ibid., p.210.
[lviii] Suleri, My Leader, p.291.
[lix] Choudhury, Pakistan’s Relations
with India 1947-1966, p.90.
[lx] Ibid., p.91.
[lxi] Interview to De Eric Streiff,
Correspondent of Neue Zurcher Zeitung: March 11, 1948 in Afzal, ed., Speeches and
Statements of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, p.459.
[lxii] Prem Nath Bazaz, The History of
Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir (New Delhi: Kashmir Publishing
Company, 1954) p.198.
[lxiii] Choudhury, Pakistan’s Relations
with India 1947-1966, p.103.
[lxiv] Alastair Lamb, Birth of A Tragedy
Kashmir 1947 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1994) p.99.
[lxv] Alastair Lamb, Kashmir A Disputed
Legacy 1946-1990 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993) p.159.
[lxvi] Sibtain Tahira, Kashmir and the
United Nations (Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam
University, 1990) p.28.
[lxvii] Alafuddin Turabi, Tehrik-i-Azadi-i-Kashmir
Manzil Ba Manzil (Lahore: Al Badr Publications, 1992) p.77.
[lxviii] Major Iqbal Hashmi, The Bleeding
Kashmir (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1993) p.73.
[lxix] Turabi, Tehrik-i-Azadi-i-Kashmir
Manzil Ba Manzil, p.105.
[lxx] Hashmi, The Bleeding Kashmir, p.70.
[lxxi] M.A.H. Ispahani, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah
As I Knew Him (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1976) p.268.
[lxxii] S.S. Bindra, Indo-Pak Relations
Tashkent to Simla Agreement (New Delhi: Deep & Deep
Publications, 1981) p20.
[lxxiii] Beg, Pakistan Faces India, p.58.
Bindra, Indo-Pak Relations
Tashkent to Simla Agreement, p.21.
Mushtaq Ahmad, Pakistan’s Foreign
Policy (Karachi: Space Publishers, 1968) p.20.
Bindra, Indo-Pak Relations
Tashkent to Simla Agreement, p.21.
Beg, Pakistan Faces India, p.57.
Broadcast speech from Radio Pakistan,
Decca: March 28, 1948 in Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Speeches and Statements As Governor General of Pakistan, pp.210-11.
Speech at the Dacca University
Convocation: March 24, 1948 in Ibid., p.193.
Ibid.
Quaid-i-Azam’s letter to Mr. Hasan
Ispahani from Quetta: June 14, 1948 in Ispahani, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah
As I Knew Him, p.272.
Mushtaq, Pakistan’s Foreign
Policy, p.15.
Riaz, Quaid-i-Azam’s
Perception of Islam and Pakistan, p.121.
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